本節說明了如何透過現有的 Unix 或 Linux 系統來安裝 Debian GNU/Linux，而非使用本手冊後面要談到的基於 ncurses，由選單驅動的安裝軟體。這篇“交叉安裝(cross-install)” HOWTO 是應使用者的要求而撰寫的。他們原來是 Redhat、Mandrake 和 SUSE 的使用者，現轉而使用 Debian GNU/Linux。在本節中，我們假設您對於輸入 *nix 指令以及在檔案系統中穿梭移動並不生疏。同時，在本節中，$ 符號表示這個指令是在使用者當前使用的系統中輸入的，而 # 則表示這個指令是在 Debian chroot 環境中輸入的。
您一旦根據自己的需求設定好了新的 Debian 系統，就可以將您的原來系統中的使用者資料(如果有的話)全部遷移到 Debian 裡去。然後就能繼續爽了。一言以蔽之，這是一次“不關機”的 Debian GNU/Linux 安裝。同時，這也是處理那些因為硬體原因不能透過任何開機或者安裝媒介完成安裝的權宜之計。
As this is a mostly manual procedure, you should bear in mind that you will need to do a lot of basic configuration of the system yourself, which will also require more knowledge of Debian and of Linux in general than performing a regular installation. You cannot expect this procedure to result in a system that is identical to a system from a regular installation. You should also keep in mind that this procedure only gives the basic steps to set up a system. Additional installation and/or configuration steps may be needed.
With your current *nix partitioning tools, repartition the hard drive as needed, creating at least one filesystem plus swap. You need around 350MB of space available for a console only install, or about 1GB if you plan to install X (more if you intend to install desktop environments like GNOME or KDE).
Next, create file systems on the partitions. For example, to create an ext3 file system on partition /dev/hda6 (that's our example root partition):
# mke2fs -j /dev/hda6
To create an ext2 file system instead, omit -j.
Initialize and activate swap (substitute the partition number for your intended Debian swap partition):
# mkswap /dev/hda5# sync; sync; sync # swapon /dev/hda5
Mount one partition as /mnt/debinst (the installation point, to be the root (/) filesystem on your new system). The mount point name is strictly arbitrary, it is referenced later below.
# mkdir /mnt/debinst
# mount /dev/hda6 /mnt/debinst
If you want to have parts of the filesystem (e.g. /usr) mounted on separate partitions, you will need to create and mount these directories manually before proceding with the next stage.
The utility used by the Debian installer, and recognized as the official way to install a Debian base system, is debootstrap. It uses wget and ar, but otherwise depends only on /bin/sh and basic Unix/Linux tools[31]. Install wget and ar if they aren't already on your current system, then download and install debootstrap.
Or, you can use the following procedure to install it manually. Make a work folder for extracting the .deb into:
# mkdir work # cd work
The debootstrap binary is located in the Debian archive (be sure to select the proper file for your architecture). Download the debootstrap .deb from the pool, copy the package to the work folder, and extract the files from it. You will need to have root privileges to install the files.
# ar -x debootstrap_0.X.X_all.deb # cd / # zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
debootstrap can download the needed files directly from the archive when you run it. You can substitute any Debian archive mirror for http.us.debian.org/debian in the command example below, preferably a mirror close to you network-wise. Mirrors are listed at http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors.
如果您已經把一張 squeeze 版本的 Debian GNU/Linux CD 掛載在 /cdrom，那麼也可以把 http URL 替換成 file URL，即：file:/cdrom/debian/
Substitute one of the following for ARCH in the debootstrap command: alpha, amd64, arm, armel, hppa, i386, ia64, m68k, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, or sparc.
# /usr/sbin/debootstrap --arch ARCH squeeze \
/mnt/debinst http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian
Now you've got a real Debian system, though rather lean, on disk. chroot into it:
# LANG=C chroot /mnt/debinst /bin/bash
After chrooting you may need to set the terminal definition to be compatible with the Debian base system, for example:
# export TERM=xterm-color
At this point /dev/ only contains very basic device files. For the next steps of the installation additional device files may be needed. There are different ways to go about this and which method you should use depends on the host system you are using for the installation, on whether you intend to use a modular kernel or not, and on whether you intend to use dynamic (e.g. using udev) or static device files for the new system.
A few of the available options are:
create a default set of static device files using
# cd /dev # MAKEDEV generic
manually create only specific device files using MAKEDEV
bind mount /dev from your host system on top of /dev in the target system; note that the postinst scripts of some packages may try to create device files, so this option should only be used with care
You need to create /etc/fstab.
# editor /etc/fstab
Here is a sample you can modify to suit:
# /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # file system mount point type options dump pass /dev/XXX / ext3 defaults 0 1 /dev/XXX /boot ext3 ro,nosuid,nodev 0 2 /dev/XXX none swap sw 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy auto noauto,rw,sync,user,exec 0 0 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro,user,exec 0 0 /dev/XXX /tmp ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2 /dev/XXX /var ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2 /dev/XXX /usr ext3 rw,nodev 0 2 /dev/XXX /home ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
Use mount -a to mount all the file systems you have specified in your /etc/fstab, or, to mount file systems individually, use:
# mount /path # e.g.: mount /usr
Current Debian systems have mountpoints for removable media under /media, but keep compatibility symlinks in /. Create these as as needed, for example:
# cd /media # mkdir cdrom0 # ln -s cdrom0 cdrom # cd / # ln -s media/cdrom
You can mount the proc file system multiple times and to arbitrary locations, though /proc is customary. If you didn't use mount -a, be sure to mount proc before continuing:
# mount -t proc proc /proc
The command ls /proc should now show a non-empty directory. Should this fail, you may be able to mount proc from outside the chroot:
# mount -t proc proc /mnt/debinst/proc
An option in the file /etc/default/rcS determines whether the system will interpret the hardware clock as being set to UTC or local time. The following command allows you to set that and choose your timezone.
# editor /etc/default/rcS # dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
To configure networking, edit /etc/network/interfaces, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hostname and /etc/hosts.
# editor /etc/network/interfaces
Here are some simple examples from /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples:
###################################################################### # /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8) # See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are # available. ###################################################################### # We always want the loopback interface. # auto lo iface lo inet loopback # To use dhcp: # # auto eth0 # iface eth0 inet dhcp # An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional) # # auto eth0 # iface eth0 inet static # address 192.168.0.42 # network 192.168.0.0 # netmask 255.255.255.0 # broadcast 192.168.0.255 # gateway 192.168.0.1
Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in /etc/resolv.conf:
# editor /etc/resolv.conf
A simple example /etc/resolv.conf:
search hqdom.local nameserver 10.1.1.36 nameserver 192.168.9.100
Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters):
# echo DebianHostName > /etc/hostname
And a basic /etc/hosts with IPv6 support:
127.0.0.1 localhost DebianHostName # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback fe00::0 ip6-localnet ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of driver modules in the /etc/modules file into the desired order. Then during boot, each card will be associated with the interface name (eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect.
Debootstrap will have created a very basic /etc/apt/sources.list that will allow installing additional packages. However, you may want to add some additional sources, for example for source packages and security updates:
deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian squeeze main deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
Make sure to run aptitude update after you have made changes to the sources list.
To configure your locale settings to use a language other than English, install the locales support package and configure it. Currently the use of UTF-8 locales is recommended.
# aptitude install locales # dpkg-reconfigure locales
To configure your keyboard (if needed):
# aptitude install console-data # dpkg-reconfigure console-data
Note that the keyboard cannot be set while in the chroot, but will be configured for the next reboot.
If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with:
# apt-cache search linux-image
If you intend to use a pre-packaged kernel, you may want to create the configuration file /etc/kernel-img.conf before you do so. Here's an example file:
# Kernel image management overrides # See kernel-img.conf(5) for details do_symlinks = yes relative_links = yes do_bootloader = yes do_bootfloppy = no do_initrd = yes link_in_boot = no
For detailed information about this file and the various options, consult its man page which will be available after installing the kernel-package package. We recommend that you check that the values are appropriate for your system.
Then install the kernel package of your choice using its package name.
# aptitude install linux-image-2.6.29-arch-etc
If you did not create a /etc/kernel-img.conf before installing a pre-packaged kernel, you may be asked some questions during its installation that refer to it.
To make your Debian GNU/Linux system bootable, set up your boot loader to load the installed kernel with your new root partition. Note that debootstrap does not install a boot loader, though you can use aptitude inside your Debian chroot to do so.
Check info grub or man lilo.conf for instructions on setting up the bootloader. If you are keeping the system you used to install Debian, just add an entry for the Debian install to your existing grub menu.lst or lilo.conf. For lilo.conf, you could also copy it to the new system and edit it there. After you are done editing, call lilo (remember it will use lilo.conf relative to the system you call it from).
Installing and setting up grub is as easy as:
# aptitude install grub
# grub-install /dev/hda
# update-grub
The second command will install grub (in this case in the MBR of hda). The last command will create a sane and working /boot/grub/menu.lst.
Note that this assumes that a /dev/hda device file has been created. There are alternative methods to install grub, but those are outside the scope of this appendix.
下面有一個簡單的 /etc/lilo.conf 例子：
boot=/dev/hda6root=/dev/hda6install=menu delay=20 lba32 image=/vmlinuz initrd=/initrd.img label=Debian
Depending on which bootloader you selected, you can now make some additional changes in /etc/kernel-img.conf.
For the grub bootloader, you should set the do_bootloader option to “no”. And to automatically update your /boot/grub/menu.lst on installation or removal of Debian kernels, add the following lines:
postinst_hook = update-grub postrm_hook = update-grub
For the lilo bootloader, the value of do_bootloader needs to remain “yes”.
As mentioned earlier, the installed system will be very basic. If you would like to make the system a bit more mature, there is an easy method to install all packages with “standard” priority:
# tasksel install standard
Of course, you can also just use aptitude to install packages individually.
After the installation there will be a lot of downloaded packages in /var/cache/apt/archives/. You can free up some diskspace by running:
# aptitude clean